Nursing Process Essay

The nursing procedure has five key strides in it. There is a memorable abbreviation these by ventures by; it is ADPIE. Survey Diagnose, Plan, Implement, and Evaluate. The evaluation step is actually as it expresses; a nursing appraisal. The medical attendant evaluates the patient and accumulates data to make an analysis. The following stage is diagnosing; in which means framing a nursing finding dependent on emotional and target information; and on the patient history. When a nursing determination is shaped; the medical caretaker must arrangement for persistent consideration and make a consideration arrangement for treatment, defining proper and quantifiable objectives to be reached. Next is execution. In this progression of the nursing procedure the medical caretaker executes, or places vigorously the arrangement of care. Finally is assessment; which might be toward the end in the nursing procedure however should be done all through the entire procedure. In its feeling being expressed as the last advance however, it references estimating the result of the objective and posing some significant inquiries. Was the objective met? Does anything should be amended, included or evacuated? How has the patient reacted to the consideration plan? I accept the nursing procedure is an incredible establishment to begin with when starting consideration with all patients. It sets clear rules to settle on reasonable choices and guarantee estimated results for every single patient. Nursing Diagnosis Handbook, ninth release Section I Pages 1-12 utilized as reference. <p

Monetary and fiscal policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial and monetary arrangement - Essay Example Through tax reductions, my firm will spare a lot of employments that beforehand would have been lost. At the point when used, tax reductions spare numerous employments and this consequently helps in sparing the economy from making significant efforts. Since a firm like mine is definitely not a mainstream choice at the time tax breaks were accessible, when the appropriation of tax reductions are reasonable for meriting organizations, history demonstrates that they wind up being the best (Shiller, 2008). I am certain on this one and I need to concede. Truly, tax breaks have impacts with the significant one being sparing employments. Be that as it may, the inquiry that continues going ahead my brain is do such firms like mine get fat checks with just those in high positions getting rich while the individual with a low position in the natural way of life keeps on battling. This makes me feel that the administration should require some serious energy and take a gander at the financials of organizations it intends to rescue for the motivations behind looking and seeing whether it may eliminate the excess. This doesn't appear to have an effect and impact yet as a proprietor of my firm, I know well the impacts that overwhelming tax reductions on all family unit merchandise can have. This in short is rescuing an organization and the impacts start from inside where workers can even get a salary raise (Shiller, 2008). 2 In the previous hardly any years, the administration has had a significant job in rescuing certain businesses. This is a sort of government spending. This legislature bailout influenced my firm straightforwardly since the guarantees that the codes offer are to maintain the guidelines of organizations, to act with straightforward realities, without malignance, and with sensible consideration that will experience the ill effects of any weight originating from outsiders. Business opportunity showed to the second party evaluators that are free is the thing tha t the organization loves (Shiller, 2008). Except if slowly approved, the bailout codes of morals unite the workers tight to keep up the corporation’s classification, which is fundamental. Another guarantee is guaranteeing all workers have excellent quality correspondence stream and consistently to refresh the administration on any monetary issue that surfaces in the business. It holds fast to all that it says and tails it to the letter.In the ongoing past, financial analysts don't have trust in government bailouts as far as the nation’s prosperity. They have been proposing for elective estimates like the benefits giving reasons why bailouts are sufficiently bad. The following are their sketched out reasons (Shiller, 2008). A bailout forgets about numerous merchandise by just checking cash exchanges. There are many dismissed significant pieces of the economy. For instance, most family unit assignments like thinking about the kids and the older, cleaning and general home support, planning of food and deliberate administrations don't get into account. During the counts, bailouts zero rates every one of these exercises accepting they do contribute anything to the economy. This by itself contributes a great deal to misshaped arrangements of the general population. In situations where family act gets analysis of bailouts decrease, the denigrations are unjustifiable on the grounds that it doesn't mirror the augmentations in numerous economies of the family unit started by the demonstration (Shiller, 2008). A bailout deals with all dealings as positive. Government bailouts

A view from the class Kevin Kravitz, MIA 16 Tsechu Dolma, MPA 15 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A view from the class Kevin Kravitz, MIA ’16 Tsechu Dolma, MPA ’15 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Here are two more additions to the SIPA student stories series. One student is studying security and spent two years with the Peace Corps in Azerbaijan. The other story features  is a dual-degree student who recently won the Brower Youth Award. Lets see what their lives have been like before and while attending SIPA! Kevin Kravitz, MIA ’16, is a first-year student concentrating in international security policy with a specialization in international conflict resolution at SIPA. A native of Cleveland, Ohio, Kevin holds a BA in international relations (with concentrations in security, foreign policy, and Europe) from Boston University in 2010. Following his undergraduate studies, he served as an Americorps VISTA Summer Associate, working at a food pantry in Northeast Ohio. He then served for 27 months as an English Education and Community Development Peace Corps Volunteer in Azerbaijan (2010-2012). As a PCV, Kevin worked with his host community to improve the English education at the local secondary school, most notably by establishing an English resource room and library at the school. Additionally, Kevin founded and served as commissioner of the Azerbaijan Interregional Softball League. This Peace Corps project established 16 co-ed youth teams throughout the country and provided an environment o f friendly competition while teaching teamwork, leadership, and friendship. Overall, his experience in Azerbaijan was a once-in-a-lifetime cultural experience that allowed him to fully immerse himself in a new culture and language. Kevin moved to New York following his Peace Corps service and worked for two different start-up companies, most recently at Minibar Delivery, an on-demand wine and spirits delivery mobile app. At Minibar, Kevin helped build the customer experience team, while also providing content and copy for marketing emails and social media. Now at SIPA, Kevin is excited to once again immerse himself in international affairs and build his knowledge and skills for a career in diplomacy. Looking to build off of his Azerbaijani language skills, he is learning Turkish to provide himself a solid foundation for work in Central Asia. This summer, he hopes to secure an internship with a conflict resolution or Eurasian focus at a leading think tank. Upon completing his studies at SIPA, Kevin hopes to embark on a long career as a U.S. Foreign Service Officer. Tsechu Dolma, BA/MPA ’15, is a five-year dual-degree student with a concentration in economic and political development at SIPA. Most recently, Tsechu was honored as one of the six Brower Youth Award winners for her work in creating a sustainable model for food security in remote high-altitude villages in Nepal. At SIPA, Tsechu participated in the International Conflict Resolution Practicum on UNDP for Colombia strategy on extractive industries and natural resource management. She has also worked at the Earth Institute with SIPA Professor Ben Orlove on researching glacier communities and developing the website glacierhub.org. SIPA has been an enabler for Tsechu. After she graduates from SIPA, she plans on leading her organization, Yulha Fund, innovating food, energy and talent security for the future of the Himalayas. Tsechu grew up in Tibet, Nepal and India, before moving to the U.S. as a political refugee teenager. She is also a recipient of the prestigious U.S. Congressional Uda ll Scholarship for Environmental Policy and has been featured on NBC News. We look forward to Isabella, Kevin,and Tsechu’s year at SIPA!

Approaches To Management Structure And Culture Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3009 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? In the twenty-first century the world of work in which a manager operates is one of continuous change and the most important management skill is the management of change. The strategic importance of management to national economies has grown considerably over the last quarter of century (Cole.G.A, p.87) Organisations as well as Flower Power have to deal with the consequences of ever more rapid innovations in technology, which has revolutionised many of the processes by which goods and services are made available to customers and they have to face with increased expectations of customers for the quality and variety of goods and services (Hannagan, T., p.5) Since the second half of the 19th century, when the economy is the leading European countries (Britain, France , Germany) entered the stage of monopoly capitalism, the issues of organizational management acquire independent value, and interest has since consistently high. By that time, organizational management stands ou t as an independent science, where introduced the first theoretical works in this area of expertise. The scientific management approach developed by Frederic Taylor, pioneered scientific management,is based on the concept of planning work to achieve efficiency, standardisation, specialization and simplification. Frederic Taylor, suggested that systematic investigation could indicate proper methods, standards and timings for each operation in an organisations activities. The responsibility of management was to select, train and help workers to perform their jobs properly. The job of management was to plan and control the work. The responsibility of workers was simply to accept the new methods and perform accordingly. The practical application of this approach was to break each job down into its smallest and simplest component parts or motions: each single motion in effect became a separate specialized job to be allocated to a separate worker. Workers were selected and trained to p erform such jobs in the most efficient way possible, eliminating all wasted motions or unnecessary physical motion. The philosophical foundation of Taylor was the concept of so-called economic rights, received in the same period widespread. The basis of this concept laid the claim that the only motivation driving people are their needs. Taylor believed that with the help of a feasibility wage system can achieve maximal productivity. Scientific management developed towards the end of the 19th century, concentrated on how was work organised on the factory floor, while administrative management considered the organisation as a whole. This developed into bureaucratic management where the emphasis has been on designing an impersonal, rational basis for managing an organisation with clearly defined structures and lines of authority and accountability and the uniform application of standards rules (Hannagan.T, p.273). French engineer and manager Henri Fayol laid down the principles o f management, which asked to be guided in solving administrative problems and carrying out the functions of management. Fayol formulated 14 principles of management to the activities of senior management such as authority and responsibility, discipline, equity, scalar chain necessary for effective management of the company. Principles Fayol divided into three groups: structural, procedural and effective. Fayol pointed out that their use should be flexible and take into account the situation in which control is exercised. Summing up his long-term observations, Fayol created a theory of administration. The aim of the school administrative Fayol was the creation of universal principles of management, following which, the organization would undoubtedly succeed. Fayol believed that with scientific forecasting and proper methods of management, satisfactory results were inevitable. Compared with Taylor,Fayol had a comprehensive view of management very similar to modern ideas(Hannagan,T.p71 4) By definition, A. Fayol control means to anticipate, organize, manage, coordinate and supervise Fayol suggested that control means to lead the organization to its goals, deriving the maximum possible from all available resources at its disposal. The control occupies a significant place in the activities of senior management personnel and a much smaller in the activities of personnel directly engaged in production, or junior management staff. Specifically emphasizes that managerial activity is universal for any organization. Fayol was first proposed to consider the proper management activities as an independent object of research. He identified five key elements which, in its opinion, consist of administration functions: forecasting, planning, organization, coordination and control. Fayol theory gives a clear overview of the tasks of the head: look to the future (someone in the organization must plan, make a prediction), organize, coordinate their offerings to the heads of other d epartments, manage a team, therefore, always maintain contact with his subordinates to know their needs and desire to help, to implement in their hopes and aspirations. For the effective functioning of the organization needed a plan that has the unity, continuity, flexibility and accuracy. Fayol was convinced that the administrative abilities cannot develop, receiving only special education. Not only knowledge but also the ability, individual characteristics contribute to the manager. A manager is a combination of intellectual power and emotional impact. Administrative School has had a major impact on management practices, as its representatives for the first time an extensive effort to develop and put into practice the principles that are suitable for all levels of management. Many management principles still have practical value. For example, the Japanese company. Mitsusita Electric is guided by the following seven management principles: objectivity, fairness, solidarity, accompli shment, humility, harmony, score they resonate with the principles developed by Fayol. Max Weber developed a theory of authority structures and gave attention to the significance of large organisations.He described an ideal type of organisation that he called a bureaucracy,characterizide by division of labor,a clearly defined hierarchy,detailed rules and regulations,and impersonal relationships. Weber also believed that technical competence should be emphasized and that performance evaluations should be made entirely on the basis of merit.His theory became the design prototype for many of todays large organisations. In early twentieth century writers such as Mary Parker Follett and Elton Mayo recognised the limitations of the scientific management perspectives(Boddy.D,p.54)Classical management thought took the organisation to be a machine and the formal, designed organization as the only thing of importance. It took human behaviour within the organisation to be rational in th e sense of the economist and it took hierarchy and rules at their face value (Puxty.A, p.29).Follet was the first who defined management as enforcing work with others. Follett introduced many new elements to the classical management approach especially in the areas of human relations and organizational structure. Follett recognized that organizations could be viewed from the perspective of individual and group behaviour. She was convinced that no one could become a whole person except as a member of a group; human beings grew through their relationships with others in organizations. The managers job was to harmonize and coordinate group efforts. Follett asserted that managers and workers should view themselves as partners as part of a common group. She proposed that managers should rely more on their expertise and knowledge to lead subordinates rather than on the formal authority of their position. Follett addressed issues that are timely today, such as ethics, power, and how to lea d in a way that encourages employees to give their best. The schools human relations,focuses on the psychology of attitudes, behaviors and needs of individuals, social interaction and group interests. There are three field areas: human relations, human resources, and behaviorism. E. Mayos impact on the replacement of the concept of rational worker concept social worker. Mayo concluded that behaviour and sentiments are closely related, that group influences significantly affect individual behaviour that group standards establish individual worker output and that money is less a factor in determining output than are group standards, group sentiments, and security.Elton Mayo stated that employees would work harder if they believed management was concerned about their welfare and supervisors paid special attention to them. This phenomenon was subsequently labelled the Hawthorne effect. These conclusions led to a new emphasis on the human factor in the functioning of organizations and th e attainment of their goals. The Hawthorne studies stimulated an interest in human factors. Current organizational practices that owe their roots to the Hawthorne studies include attitude surveys, employee counselling, management training, participative decision making, and team based compensation systems. The behavioural approach is also known as the neo-human relations perspective. The human resources perspective combines prescriptions for design of job tasks with theories of motivation. In the human resources view, jobs should be designed so that tasks are not perceived as dehumanizing or demeaning but instead allows workers to use their full potential.The best-known contributors to the human resources perspective are Abraham Maslow, Douglas McGregor, and Frederick Herzberg. Abraham Maslow , a practicing psychologist, proposed a hierarchy of five needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization. In terms of motivation, Maslow argued that each step in the hierarchy must be satisfied before the next level can be activated and that once a need was substantially satisfied, it no longer motivated behaviour. Douglas McGregor formulated two sets of assumptions Theory X and Theory Y about human nature.Theory X presents an essentially negative view of people. It assumes that they have little ambition dislike work, want to avoid responsibility, and need to be closely supervised to work effectively.Theory X formulates the philosophy of management and control of traditional management. Manager tells people what to do, and often resorted to incentives or penalties in the course of work.Theory Y is a new approach to management. Theory Y offers a positive view, assuming that people can exercise self-direction, accept responsibility, and consider work to be as natural as rest or play.The point of theory Y is that organizations can take advantage of the imagination and intellect of all their employees. Employees will exercise self-control and wil l contribute to organizational goals when given the opportunity. Frederick Herzberg suggested that only higher psychological needs for growth, challenge, responsibility, and self-fulfillment can positively motivate employees to improved performance.Another category within the behavioral approach encompasses the behavioral science approach, which relies on the scientific method for the study of organizational behaviour.Behavioral science draws from sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, and other disciplines to understand employee behavior and interaction in an organizational setting. This approach can be seen in organizations even today when, for example, a firm conducts research to determine the best set of tests, interviews, and employee profiles to use when selecting new employees. The behavioral approaches contributed an important awareness of the influence of the human factor at work on organizational performance and the need to offer job   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Modern ma nagement practices are based on consulting people and giving them responsibility for their work,while scientific management was based on telling people how to increase their earnings,training them and then expecting them to go ahead and do it(Hannagan.T,p.713) In the present time there is no single approach to management. In various companies have different approaches, directions, concepts of business management. Management is a fundamental discipline, who need to know any entrepreneur. The process of strategic planning involves a number of important operations: planning, costs, production planning, sales planning, and finally, the Finance plan. Preparing todays managers-professionals is impossible without knowing the history of management development. Main role of management is to unite people together in order to accomplish achievable goals. Management mobilize or allocate resources to different department like Human resource, Finance, IT department and organize these resources in such a way that organizational strategic goals are accomplished easily in the long run. Management also takes vital part in planning,leading and controlling. In short, it takes part in each and every step of the organization. It gives direction, aligns and achieve organization goals with available resources.Every organization requires planning, direction, organization and control for it to set off and continue to grow. It is the role of management to perform such duties for the perpetual existence and increased productivity of the organization.Management plays a crucial role in business by doing planning. A business must have goals and objectives, as well as the course of action that must be taken to achieve them. Management make this happen. They set goals and objectives for the business. At the same time, they plan on how they will achieve them, and offer guidelines to the rest of the team members.Management also has important role in organizing.Management determines the inter nal structure of the organization, such as assigning roles to different people in different departments. After determining the course action, management must determine what kind of management structure they need to follow. This is where they design organizational charts and assign roles to different titles or people.Also management play role in staffing. Managers are tasked to recruit, hire and train people to perform various functions in the business, as laid out in the organizational structure. They also make decisions regarding how much they should pay the employees as well as their benefits, if any. Control is one of the major roles of management. It is necessary to set performance standards based on the established goals and objectives of the organization. This is to be used as a yard stick to measure the performance and compare it with the projected outcome. And if deviations should occur, it is managements responsibility to take necessary action. A business cannot perform without some form of control and this is where management comes in. An important role management must play is the decision maker. This applies to financial, budgetary, personnel, policy and security judgments. These are not always easy decisions, but they must be made and management takes on that dutGood manager realizes the value of a companys employees and leads with the intent to motivate their staff. Manager understands how to properly delegate and empower employees, and also recognizes and acknowledges good performance by offering regular feedback and praise. Over the years the role of management has evolved. In years past managers were frequently controlling, privileged, authoritative, and aloof; for the most part out of touch with their employees working on the floor. Todays managers recognize the value of a team-oriented environment and as a result act more as a facilitator and a mentor. In this approach they offer guidance and leadership to staff instead of working behind closed doors. Nowadays managers are moving towards participating as hands-on team members themselves rather than putting their focus solely on supervision and directives. Most businesses still work on a hierarchal structure, but many are navigating towards flattened, or horizontal structures. This structure is becoming more popular among smaller businesses and within singular divisions in larger companies because it allows employees to have a level of involvement in decision making processes. This is done with the anticipation of productivity increasing. In larger companies management cannot effectively function in this way simply because of their size, but within individual divisions, this way of thinking often yields success. In todays business atmosphere managers are learning how to successfully integrate the traditional key functions with new organizational concepts to achieve a good balance which works within their company. As a part of the managerial toolbox, successful managers possess the technical and administrative knowledge necessary to execute company objectives and use this to evaluate strengths and weaknesses, liabilities and monitor quality management and control. To stay competitive manager today illuminate goals, generate innovation and creativity. They also know how to maintain strong communication both externally and internally in their organization and how to integrate these skills within the decision making process. Management plays a central role in business. The Keiths approach mainly based on instruction and observation of employees.Many managers have been promoted internally without any training or support to help them understand role and activities of management. There is an on-going search for alternative approaches to Flower Power management. The human relation approach, which seeks the human relations pertains to motivating people in organisations in order to develop teamwork which effectively fulfils their n eeds and leads to achieving oganisational goals could be a suitable option in Flower Power situation. In co-operation with training company Flower Power management could organise a training course Alternative approaches to management . This course would be aimed at staff of Flower Power departments working in management . The course would give participants the chance to reflect on current and traditional Flower Power management approaches, and learn about new approaches to management. Special attention would be given to advantages and disadvantages, to social and science aspects of Flower Power management. Management should reflect new thinking if the available resource is to be well maximized. Of the 6,700 businesses, around 80% of these belong to a relay organisation such as InterFlora, Teleflower or Flowergram. The benefit of belonging to such an organisation is that by providing support in marketing and sales, and product and design, and as a result of their international links, they allow the business to compete with multi-national firms, and respond to a changing market. (For example, approximately 80% of Dutch-imported flowers in the UK now go to supermarkets.)A relay organisation allows a person in one part of the country to send flowers to a person in another part of the country by using a network of florists. The operation is relatively straightforward. There is always competition, and the floristry industry is no exception. Management should handle all aspects of planning, purchasing, sales, personnel, promotion, and production. As the company grows, a more formal management hierarchy should be developed. Manager should be able to select a management approach that is most appropriate to the desired need or goal. Managing and leading are two different ways of organising people. The manager uses a formal, rational method whilst the leader uses passion and stirs emotions. William Wallace is one excellent example of a brilliant leader but could never be thought of as the manager of the Scots! Decentralization The Washington Post Company operates in a decentralized manner. While sharing common goals and values, each of the Companys divisions has its own identity, workplace culture and way of doing business. Division management is responsible for its operations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Approaches To Management Structure And Culture Business Essay" essay for you Create order

The Public Health Campaigns Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Even though the relationship between cervical malignant neoplastic disease and sexual activity has proved by surveies to be near and the function of the HPV virus in the development of cervical malignant neoplastic disease is well-known, the reviewed articles showed that there have n’t been emphasized plenty by the public wellness runs ( Waller, McCaffery and Wardle 2004 ) . Specifically in the NHS, the information provided is limited. Some surveies demonstrated that the medical cusps highlight the taking behavioural hazard factors such as the early age of first intercourse, the high figure of sexual spouses or the deficiency of usage of rubbers, nevertheless, the relationship between a sexual transmitted virus and cervical malignant neoplastic disease is n’t presented clearly ( Waller, McCaffery and Wardle 2004 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Public Health Campaigns Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sexual activity of adolescents could be characterized as either a milepost of their development or a field of unsafe behaviour. During pubescence, gender becomes active as adolescents experiment, seeking for ‘sexual individuality ‘ . Merely one article ( [ 13 ] ) refering Greece high spot that to day of the month Greece competes with the highest abortion incidence rates worldwide and sexually transmitted diseases are the most common public wellness job among striplings. The deficiency of information on how to protect themselves for unintended gestation of STIs could be ruinous ( Iliadou and Palaska 2008 ) . Harmonizing to this survey, sexual instruction is limited and unsatisfactory among striplings in Greece because conservative positions claim that sexual wellness instruction shows new patterns to the immature people which otherwise they would n’t follow. Specifically the chief beginnings of information on contraceptive method are friends ( 66 % ) , household ( 6 0 % ) and books or magazines ( 59 % ) whereas the wellness professional apply merely the 3.3 % of the replies ( Iliadou and Palaska 2008 ) . Contrary to the immature Greek population, research workers examined striplings of other states such as Denmark and they concluded that they have equal cognition on how to protect themselves while adult females and work forces are considered every bit responsible for the transmittal of STIs ( Mortensen 2010 ) . In add-on, most surprising is that besides the UK provides limited cognition on the STIs and HPV infection in both work forces and adult females. Five of the surveies ( [ 20 ] , [ 30 ] , [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] ) provided studies which proved that 67 % of the people responded that ‘many sexual spouses ‘ is a major cause of cervical malignant neoplastic disease whereas merely 31 % replied ‘viruses or infection ‘ . Merely 1 % of the respondents answered that HPV virus is a causal factor of cervical malignant neoplastic disease ( Waller, McCaffery and Wardle 2004 ) . The same surveies demonstrated that the form of cognition seems to divert across different age groups. For illustration, adult females of 55-64 old ages old are most likely to cognize hazard factors such as the sexual activity and holding many sexual spouses. On the other manus, younger adult females of 16-24 old ages old and people holding hapless instruction showed the lowest consciousness of the hazard factors ( Waller, McCaffery and Wardle 2004 ) ( Wardle, et Al. 2001 ) . This study raises the inquiry on the cognition British adult females have, sing the sexual behaviour. Furthermore, the overall cognition on sexually transmitted infections ( STI ) is surprisingly low among pupils. British female pupils were familiar with the smear trial as a preventative cervical malignant neoplastic disease testing step and they replied that they had ne’er considered themselves to be examined but they expressed an involvement in the HPV vaccinum. On the other manus, work forces were n’t certain what smear trial is ( Martin, et Al. 2011 ) . Hence, what is revealed is that the recent high cervical malignant neoplastic disease incidence rates are the result of a wellness instruction system where the cognition of the sexual behaviour is limited and it is n’t concentrated on the self-management and the subject of the organic structure. All these findings, in add-on to the 14 % increased incidence rates in the last four old ages ( Cancer Research UK, 2012 ) demonstrate that the current wellness instruction peculiarly in school-based undertakings in the UK is hapless and one-sided. It focuses largely on the unintended gestation and contributes to the position that sexual wellness is merely adult female ‘s duty. These surveies ( [ 30 ] , [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] ) show that school based programmes in the UK fail to understand that betterment of misbehaviour is required to set up self-discipline. Alternatively, these school-based programmes should intent to increase the cognition of the adolescences to supervise themselves, produce the consciousness of the hazard factors and make the sense of personal duty in take parting on a regular basis in the showing trials. Hence, wellness instruction would finally make adept disciplined organic structures. This manner, the organic structure becomes cardinal. The construct of bio-po wer is placed to exert non merely the organic structure but besides the psyche. For that ground, there was ever been a argument on whether the UK should present unfastened treatments about sex in a school-based programme and educate adolescents on proper sexual behaviour and their engagement to testing trials in order to cut down the sexually familial infections ( Martin, et Al. 2011 ) . Overall, it is dismaying that most people in Britain consider household medical history as most noteworthy factor for cervical malignant neoplastic disease than the infection by STIs ( Waller, McCaffery and Wardle 2004 ) . However, acceptance and execution of wellness instruction programmes outside school, has been a topic of research. Contrary to what Nettleton claims there is besides the belief provided chiefly by Annemarie Mol that wellness instruction of public wellness is n’t adequate to do people move rationally and give up unhealthy life styles. Public wellness runs are accused for being really general and that they address the full population without taking into consideration the differences among people ‘s wellness position and the stipulations for disease. Every educational run focuses on the population as a entire and as all being equal and they do n’t acknowledge that when the educational programmes address the whole population, there is a portion of it, that ca n’t hold entree to the healthy life style they suggest and people do n’t see themselves reflecting in this state of affairs ( Mol 2008 ) . Furthermore, gender is a sensitive field that most adult fe males feel uncomfortable and diffident to discourse about publically. Any public statement that emphasizes on the nexus between cervical malignant neoplastic disease, sexual activity and smear trial, sounds to be about the adult female ‘s ‘ ain gender ( Braun and Gavey 1999 ) . This is the ground why the wellness instruction even in public wellness runs should be targeted to specific age groups. School is a promising manner. Harmonizing to the undermentioned surveies ( [ 20 ] , [ 30 ] , [ 31 ] ) school is the lone establishment in our society where many immature people attend before their first intercourse. Given proper and sufficient wellness instruction, it is cardinal that the self-management of the adolescences is improved and the informed pick is activated. Health instruction finally creates to the adult females the sense of power and subject on their ain organic structure. Self-discipline is considered as a moral behaviour which is motivated by intrinsic factors. The school-based programmes aim to better these factors and make a sense of cognizing ego and lead to active agents of the society where people control themselves unconsciously ; that is, school- based programmes create what Foucault has defined as docile organic structures. Harmonizing to su rveies conducted in the ’90s and 2000, there is no grounds that sexual instruction increases the sexual activity. Alternatively, the sexual instruction specifically in school-based programmes delays the first intercourse, increases the usage of prophylactic methods and reduces the figure of sexual spouses ( Kirby, et Al. 1994 ) ( Dolan Mullen, et Al. 1995 ) ( Iliadou and Palaska 2008 ) . Most significantly, through the wellness instruction course of study there were important positive consequences sing the decrease of unhealthy wonts ( Glanz, Rimer and Viswanath 2008 ) ( Dolan Mullen, et Al. 1995 ) such as smoke, and a important addition in the inoculation rates. In add-on, in the 1980s research surveies was found out that among simple and secondary school kids, wellness instruction really improved kids ‘s wellness attitude and behaviour ( Dolan Mullen, et Al. 1995 ) . Therefore, it is a great chance to turn to wellness instruction programmes particularly sing the decre ase of hazardous sexual behaviour ( Kirby, et Al. 1994 ) and the regular engagement in diagnostic trials because most HPV instances are reported in immature ages of 20-24 old ages old. There are many ways to believe that public policy can forbid hazardous activities and advance healthy manner of life. Recreation countries and rigorous nutrient statute law are some public intercessions Mol suggests through which, people can switch into rational mundane wonts ( Mol 2008 ) . Information runs on the HPV inoculation is another 1. Some articles consider Denmark as a important illustration that makes a important attempt since the debut of the HPV vaccinum in 2006, to educate the female population with HPV information runs. These runs are concentrated on the safety, the cost, the efficiency and possible side effects of the vaccinums ( Mortensen 2010 ) . Besides, in the same model, the two vaccinum makers organized a media-based run meaning to inform the female population on the benefits of the inoculation ( Mortensen 2010 ) . The engagement of adult females in these events can increase their cognition on the disease and the possible hazard factors and they can do informed picks on showing or inoculation. Not surprisingly, in most of the developed states the cervical malignant neoplastic disease testing system is advanced, nevertheless as surveies show, adult females still develop cervical malignant neoplastic disease ( Bosh and Harper 2006 ) . So, primary bar has a double function ; in the first topographic point, the end of the wellness instruction is to supply information through a non-threatening, easy and accessible manner and raise the consciousness of persons about organic structure care and lifestyle alteration to forestall disease through assorted programmes. Through nonsubjective and progressive information, people can go rational histrions for them and they can acknowledge easy the hazard factors and the dangers of specific activities. For illustration, research analyzing the attitude of adult females and parents for the HPV vaccinum demonstrated that given the right information on the safety and efficaciousness of the vaccinum, they promote its usage ( Raffle, 2007 ) ( Bun n 2008 ) . Hence, a wide and complete educational programme is indispensable to trip an informed pick. Most of the articles pointed out that it is cardinal that adult females have the ability to do their ain wellness picks. Additionally, another end of the wellness instruction is to stress the personal duty for wellness and promote the engagement of adult females on wellness services ( Scambler 2005 ) . Women should experience that go toing the cervical malignant neoplastic disease testing scrutinies is a personal determination. In Western societies, people are an ideal illustration of docile organic structures as they are encouraged to take attention of their organic structure through preventative interventions and they are induced to command their wellness. Namely, protection of their organic structures is a portion of their duty as being members of the society ( Braun and Gavey 1999 ) ( Petersen and Lupton 2000 ) . As Mol agrees, it is better to promote people to take part in suc h intercessions instead than compel them ( Mol 2008 ) . No power system has of all time survived with the fright and coercion as the lone arms. How to cite The Public Health Campaigns Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Ritz Carlton Essay Example For Students

Ritz Carlton Essay In 1983, President and COO, Horst Schulze, decided upon a strategy to manage the Ritz Carlton in order to compete on quality. The strategy affected the entire organization, with significant differences in:Defining traits of all company products defined in the company CredoTranslating the Credo into basic standards to clarify the responsibilities for employeesPersonally train employees the new Ritz-Carlton Credo and basic standards (the Gold Standards)Aggressively instilling a passion for excellenceFive years later, Schulze began using the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award criteria to develop a system of business excellence. This system used the Deming Wheel in order to achieve optimum performance levels throughout the organization. With these new policies in place, Schulze lead Ritz Carlton to the first recipient of the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award for Service. The 1999 Ritz-Carlton application summary is as follows:Criteria 1: Leadership Plan There are seven speci fic decisions collectively made by Senior Leaders to set direction for business excellence:10 year visionStrategy5 year missionMethods3 year objectiveFoundation1 year tacticThe senior leaders formed the Gold Standards, which are comprised of the Credo, The Basics, Three Steps of Service, the Motto, and the Employee Promise. Together, the Gold Standards have the ability to empower employees to take initiative in thinking and acting with innovation and independence, for the overall benefit of not only the company, but the customers as well. Do Specific actions by senior leaders in order to properly manage the new leadership approach are made up of three salient processes:Ensuring each new hotels goods and services are characteristic of all other Ritz Carltons on opening day. The results of seven specific decisions defined at the annual strategic planning process are arranged in a pyramid and distributed throughout the organizationThe Gold Standards are reinforced daily in a myriad of ways. Check Leadership effectiveness is evaluated on key questions of the Ritz-Carltons semiannual employee satisfaction results and also through audits on public responsibility. Act Gaps in leadership effectiveness are addressed with development/training plans. For widespread deficiencies, the corporate human resource department develops and improves courses, processes, or facilities. Criteria 2: Strategic PlanningPlan An extensive analysis is performed to understand the current state of the macro environment in which the Ritz-Carlton operates. Using the Macro-Environment Analysis, Senior Leaders confirm or make changes to the 10-year vision, 5-year mission, strategy, methods, and foundation. Discrepancies identified in the analysis are used to create the 3-year objectives. Do Specific actions by Senior Leaders to deploy the 3-year objectives are as follows:Develop production processesDeploy support processesDevelop preliminary plans/budgetsFinalize the Ritz-Carlton pyramid plan and budgetsReinforce the pyramid concept/plan/budgetsCommunicate the pyramid concept to the employeesExecute plansOn-going daily lineup reinforcement Evaluate/improve planning processesConduct monthly reviews of plans at all levels and collect necessary information for the next cycleCheck Upper management conducts monthly performance reviews of the strategic plan, focusing on pre-established performance measurements of the 3-year objectives as well as key processes. The information allows the Ritz-Carlton to make improvements and benchmarking comparisons. Criteria 3: Customer and Market FocusPlan Customer and market focus concentrates on the information needed for hotel development and operation. Needs include determination of market segments, identifying potential customers, relative priorities of customers, demand forecast, individual dissatisfaction of customers, widespread dissatisfaction of customers, competitive quality status, and opportunities for improving quality. Much of this information requires analysis and special studies. Do Specific actions taken by the Ritz-Carlton Sales and Marketing Leaders to organize research conclusions include:The Six Ps concept, which creates a vision of well-being from the purchase of Ritz-Carlton products: Problem, Product, Promises, Personal Advantage, Positioning, and Price/Value. Albert Einstein and His Theories EssayCriteria 7: Business Results7.1Customer Focused ResultsStatistically, customer and employee satisfaction data comparisons are considerably different from the competition at the 95% confidence level. Surveys are administered and produced by objective and independent outside third-party research consultants, and analyzed against world class and Baldridge winning companies. Externally, the Ritz-Carlton uses J.D. Power and Associates to measure overall customer satisfaction versus their foremost competitor. Individual guest satisfaction is also measured both internally and externally using a variety of surveys. 7.2Financial and Market ResultsThe Ritz-Carltons measures of financial performance fall into a number of different categories including earnings before income taxes, depreciation and amortization, and return on investment. They measure administrative costs as a percentage of total fees, profit and revenue, and generate an analysis of the percentage of gross profit versus their main competitors. 7.3Human Resource ResultsRitz-Carltons employee well-being and satisfaction are measured through their Employee Satisfaction Survey. Responses are analyzed and compared to service company norms. Turnover has decreased from 77% in 1989 to 30% in 2000. The industry average is currently just over 50% (RCHC/Kaznova Consultants). Positive trends are a result of increasingly improved selection and training processes as well as drivers of employee satisfaction. 7.4Supplier and Partner ResultsThe Ritz-Carlton ensures that performance requirements of their suppliers are met through a thorough Supplier Compliance and Quality survey that measures key aspects of supplier quality. Purchasing personnel at each hotel fill out the survey every six months and rate specific issues, for example, fit for use, accuracy and service, etc. Suppliers who achieve an 80% or better overall rating on all attributes meet Ritz-Carltons quality requirements. 7.5Organizational Effectiveness ResultsRitz-Carltons C.A.R.E. program of systematic preventive maintenance has kept their property and equipment at world-class levels at reduced costs. This is in line with their goal of pursuing a defect-free environment. With unemployment at a low and significant competition for skilled workers, the Ritz-Carlton embarked on a major project to improve the cycle time from when a potential new-hire walks in the door and a job offer is tendered. Using scientific quality approaches, the Ritz-Carlton has improved cycle time from 21 days in 1996 to just 1 day in 1999.

Manny Pizarro Jeff Birdsong, Instructor Introducti Essays

Manny Pizarro Jeff Birdsong, Instructor Introduction to Philosophy, PHIL1113 7 May 2015 Final In my opinion, the central theme of the movie To Kill a Mockingbird is the way innocence can be affected by evil. This is portrayed through Scout during the movie. Which, displayed Scout ' s innocence being affected by the racism she witnessed at the trail of Tom Robinson and experiences with people who lack morality. Rape cases back in the Great depression were different in which they lacked the medical technology that we have today and lacked a fair trail . Tom Robinson was a black man during a time of racism which made it more difficult on him because of his race . Even though evidence was shown that Mrs. Ewell forced herself on Tom Robinson and he refused . Bob Ewell saw Mrs. Ewell forcing herself on him and he automatically assumed the male Tom Robinson was raping the women Mrs. Ewell . The jury sided with Bob Ewell that Tom Ro binson did rape Mrs. Ewell. Society back then was racist towards African Americans which lead the jury to not believe the true innocence of Tom Robinson. Society believed that these rules needed to be maintained because they benefited society and help maintain order in the society . Society believed that the laws were moral right and helped improve society as a whole. The philosopher Irigary would feel strongly about this topic since, she believes we live in a male dominated culture. Scout, Atticus Finch ' s daughter, who is only six years old symbolizes innocence throughout the movie. At first, Scout is not aware of " the good " or " the bad " because she didn ' t have any experience in her life. Scout ' s first contact with " the bad " was at the trial where she experienced the true colors of racism. She went with her father to go to the trial and experienced how immoral racism was. Scout ' s experiences throughout the movie helped her grow in moral awareness and understanding. Scout grew in moral awareness and understanding by learning that people do things that are not always moral correct, also learning to understand that people do cruel things to other people in society. In addition, Scout learned to be more aware of people in society because of her experiences with the trail and in life. A young innocent cild, Scout ' s views were influenced and swayed by her experiences during the trial but also by her ability of consciousness about moral debate. Knowing her beliefs she was taught by her father a credible who man was defending a black man during a time when there was a lot of racism, helped Scout to grow in moral awareness and understanding. Sheriff ' s decision not to arrest Boo Radley reflected a higher justice because the real person guilty was Bob Ewell, who was killed by Boo Radley. Boo Radley was trying to protect the child from danger and murdered Bob Ewell only in self-defen se. The fact that Bob Ewell died reflects a higher justice because he deserved to die for immoral actions he had done. First, Bob Ewell was the reason why the innocent black man Tom Robinson was condemned to death, secondly he caused serious harm to Jem a young child, when he broke his arm. Boo Radley did what was moral right when he saved the children from Bob Ewell and a higher justice believed it as well in the Sheriff ' s decision not to arrest Boo Radley. In this story of innocents being destroyed by evil, the " mockingbird " comes to represent the idea of innocence. Thus, to kill a mockingbird is to destroy innocence. Throughout the movie, a number of characters can be identified as mockingbirds just on how they ' re innocents was injured or destroyed through contact with evil. Part 2 I believe that Thomas Aquinas would be in favor for death penalty. Aquinas believed that the state has the right to protect its citizens from enemies, both f rom within, and without. He believes the government has to the power to punish individuals who disobey. I believe Socrates

Essay about Sat Prep Biology

Essay about Sat Prep Biology Essay about Sat Prep: Biology THE EARTH IS HOME TO MILLIONS OF DIF- ferent kinds of organisms, from slime molds to sheep, blue whales to naked mole rats. Yet the diversity of size and structure evident in all of these organisms emerges from one fundamental building block: the cell. A cell is a small, membrane-bound compartment capable of performing all the basic functions of life. Since all living organisms, from the simplest to the most complex, are composed of cells, understanding how cells work is integral to understanding larger life processes- not to mention that the cell and its structure are common topics tested by the SAT II Biology. Most cells are too small to be observed with the naked eye. For this reason, even the existence of cells escaped notice until scientists first learned to harness the magnifying power of lenses in the second half of the seventeenth century. At that time a Dutch clothing dealer named Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) fashioned extraordinarily accurate single-lens microscopes. Gazing into the lens of these microscopes, he discovered single-celled organisms, which he called â€Å"animalcules† and which, today, we call bacteria and protists. Englishman Robert Hooke (1635–1703) expanded on Leeuwenhoek’s observations with the newly developed compound microscope, which uses two or more aligned lenses to increase magnification while reducing blurring. When Hooke turned the microscope on a piece of cork, he noticed that the tiny, boxlike compartments of the wood resembled the cells of a monastery. The term â€Å"cell† was born. Cell Theory Emerges As microscope technology improved, scientists were able to study cells in ever-greater detail. Hooke had no way to tell if cells were living things, but later researchers who could see the nucleus and the swirling motion of the cytoplasm were convinced that cells were indeed alive. By 1839, enough evidence had accumulated for German biologists Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann to proclaim that cells are â€Å"the elementary particles of organisms.† But many researchers still did not believe that cells arose from other cells until 1855, when famous German pathologist Rudolph Virchow pronounced, â€Å"All cells come from cells.† Nearly 200 years after the discovery of cells, the observations of Virchow, Schleiden, and Schwann established the cell theory: All living things are made of cells. All cells arise from preexisting cells. These two tenets made clear that the cell is the fundamental unit of life. Cell Size Cells could not be studied until the microscope was developed because they are very small. This fact raises two questions: why are cells so small, and why are living things made up of millions of tiny cells? Cells are small because their surface area and volume must be balanced. In order

Polymerization Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Polymerization - Coursework Example The Tg decreases with the increasing temperature within the system of the reaction (Agnes 2010). The polymerization rate is also very strongly influenced by the size of the monomer side reactions which are of importance to the Tg of the copolymers. The Tg can be decreased through an increase in the reaction temperature. This is through increasing the rate of decomposition in the reaction leading to achieving the temperature that is high. This will facilitate the Tg whether its increase or decrease because this will be through regulation of the temperature. This is easy to achieve because regulation of temperature can be achieved easily. Optimum conditions should be achieved for any polymerization reaction that is the temperatures and the time due to the high value to the rate of polymerization and other properties of the final products for the reaction. Therefore in the copolymers given in order to achieve the Tg the temperature and the other conditions required in order to get the desired product in the copolymerization there must be an increase in the temperature of the reaction (Agnes 2010). But in case the Tg very high and it need lowered then this will be facilitated the decrease temperature order acquire the desired Tg This is a very important factor in any copolymerization that will ensure that the products reached are of the desired size and shape.

Digital Media Content Development - Ted-Ed.com Speech or Presentation

Digital Media Content Development - Ted-Ed.com - Speech or Presentation Example 9). It covers endless topics, and as the more educators add their lectures, Ted-ed.com will become more resourceful. There are several reasons for selecting digital content. First, digital content can be transported conveniently. For example, rather than carrying a load of reading material and other necessary documentation from place to place, all the data can be viewed in a digital space. Teachers can carry single gadget to access all their teaching material through Ted-ed.com. Second, there can be additional contact with reading materials. With this digital content, links to websites, video streaming, and other multimedia can be inserted for a better and interactive reading experience (Hedberg, p. 8). Teachers can connect with the content in a way that is best for them, whether they want to do some reading, listen to music watch the audio-visual material. Third, it is a lot more convenient to modify digital content as compared to printed content. For example, earlier people have to buy a complete book eve if they want to read only a specific section. This was expensive as well as unproductive. Although there is an alternative of custom publishing, but it also has some related expenses and restrictions (McHenry et al, p. 734). With digital content, publishers can provide readers with the choice of different materials to collect modified content without difficulty and at a much lesser cost. Moreover, changes can be done to a text promptly and latest versions can be released instantly. Fourth, the digital content has a negligible carbon footprint as compared to published material. For example, the effect that printing has on trees and the effect that transportation physical goods has on atmosphere. Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Content Advantages One can fine a number of educational videos on TED-Ed video library and many of these are the result of teamwork between capable teachers selected through the TED-Ed platform. Looking for the precise topic â⠂¬Å"is a breeze† (Hsiung & Juo-Lien, p. 85) with digital content when compared with going through many pages of a book and reading every word to find the relevant material or topic. Educators can design personalized lectures in accordance with the interests and preferences of their students instead of being compelled to teach from one or two books only. They can further include multimedia files in their lessons to make the learning experience more productive. Storage of digital content is a lot easier as compared to the storage of traditional printed books, cassettes, etc. TED-Ed platform further allows teachers to get any helpful instructive video and conveniently prepare a modified lesson around the video. Teachers can then share these lessons and also check their effect on the while class or on an individual student. Disadvantages Educational material in the digital shape involves the utilization of additional technology to â€Å"access, read and modify† (Nicholas et al, p. 199). This technology may not be commonly obtainable because of several limitations, and even if obtainable, may not be utilized by everybody due to lack of training as well as accessibility. The legitimacy of academic material can be put to question except that there is an infallible method to recognize the sources and ascertain their authenticity. Data is just as important as its source, and when this source is suspicious, the data can be considered as insignificant. Therefore, except that the data

The Role Of A Sheriffs Department Social Work Essay

The Role Of A Sheriffs Department Social Work Essay The sheriff is an elected county official; therefore deputies and those who work for the department tend to have a closer relationship with the citizens in that particular city. According to LaFrance and Placide (2009), article on the different leadership styles of police and sheriff, most of the time, Sheriffs have risen through the ranks of the sheriffs office over time before running for election therefore they are place-bound. Because they are elected, they might feel more of an obligation to remain at their posts even when there is an adversarial relationship with the county and its board. Rowan D. Williams states that Bad human communication leaves us less room to grow, well I grew from this internship with the sheriffs office. They were willing to let me witness and be a part of any call that would not put my life in any danger. They answered all questions and allowed me to participate and experience the procedure of filling out paper work. The internship with the Cherokee County Sheriffs Office was everything I expected an internship to be. I went into this internship with an open mind willing to learn and observe as much as possible, regardless of the warnings that it was more cows and horses then people. Expecting to do a variety of things which would not only give me a paper to write but also an idea of what I wanted to do with my criminal justice degree. All of my personal learning objectives were answered. If the individual I was with at the time could not answer a question, then I was directed to the persons who could. Interning with the Cherokee County Sherif f Department was a very enlightening experience making me more aware of what my lifes goals were and were not. I gained a lot of firsthand experience and was able to network with a lot amazing individuals. From the observations I made while interning with such informative individuals gave me new respect for the manner in which the legal process is reviewed. I started my internship as the ride along and the shift was 6:00am-6:00pm, however the deputies shift started at 5:45am. The overlap help the deputies who were about to punch out get off sooner. Roll call is held every morning. This is where the deputies receive any information from the night crew or any policies and procedures which changed while they were off. They inspect their weapons, cars, and any other device which may hinder them from doing their job. After the roll call, the supervisor at each precinct briefed the deputies on what was going on within their zone and who I would be riding with. Then the deputies would disperse and began zoning or patrolling. Stan Crowder The Cherokee County Sheriffs Office runs their agency with high standards. Deputy Hackard describes the sheriffs department as aiming to be Triple Crown holder with its accreditations. The training which every deputy participates in prepares the deputy for his job and also their partners job. This agency goes beyond all requirements for accreditation. Cherokee County, which was the first agency in Georgia to have accreditation through The Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA), is also Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) certified and Georgia certified. Each certification holds its own purpose within the agencys policy and procedures. The agency builds its policy and procedures around the standards and requirements of CALEA and POST. The agency has not yet received accreditation from American Correctional Association (ACA); however they have standards similar to those that are already required. This agency strives to maintain and go beyond all standa rds to set itself apart from the rest as it relates to its citizens. Constantly being in training helps the department establish a mind, within the deputies, able to critically examine situations in different scenarios. Wesley Phillips and Darrell Norman write in their article that by engaging in critical thinking, law enforcement professionals should create multiple solutions to problems by constantly questioning and challenging their strengths, and examining decision-making preferences and practices (2009). The training which is required by the agency also helps the deputies help each other in their job. Even though the agency is certified through other programs the two which really have a large impact on how the department will conduct business are POST and CALEA. POST is an essential asset to the Cherokee Sheriffs office. It is a program which basically trains the department on gun usage and ethics that are mandatory and every agency in Georgia must be certified in. Even though CALEA is not mandatory, it does so much more for an agency. According to the departments website having this form of accreditation strengthen an agencys accountability, both within the agency and within the community. However, with CALEA it is more of a standard and rules. This accreditation is not mandatory and more than a few agencies in Georgia do not have this accreditation within the department. There are two reasons why many agencies do not have; money or man power. Cherokees Sheriff Office possesses an extremely hardworking and serious group of individuals whose job is to be quite knowledgeable about CALEA and assist in them maintaining their accreditation. Another difference between the major two accreditations, POST and CALEA, is the process. With CALEA the deputies sit in classes and learn. They become aware of the policies and procedures to handle different scenarios. They also learn different ethical choices to make. Again CALEA is not mandatory but it does say a lot about an agency. Cherokee was the first agency in the state of Georgia to be accredited through CALEA. The Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies set the procedures and standards on things such as how to hand cuff or searches and seizures an individual correctly to how to write out reports. POST is a different entity in itself. To maintain your certification through POST you must go through training once a year, however Cherokee requires their deputies to go through training twice a year. According to the sheriffs department website, they require each officer to secure 45 hours of P.O.S.T. approved training during the calendar year. Everything the age ncy does to improve the department, exceeds the minimum. P.O.S.T. only requires 25 hours to retain. Every deputy in the state of Georgia must be POST certified to even carry a firearm. Peace Officer Standards and Training classes usually last about twelve to thirteen weeks. Officers who finish then become fully sworn officers after they complete. Deputies also receive ethical training here as well. They go through a variety of academies and courses. Cherokee County maintains their accreditation by doing the following: The office coordinates scheduling of personnel attendance at state and local training facilities, provides in-service training and monitors number of hours personnel receive annually to assure minimum requirements of the P.O.S.T. Council and the Sheriffs Office are met. Being in law enforcement requires a lot of paper work, but the training the deputies receive prepare and train them in filling out all paper work. When it comes to maintaining their accreditation, Cherokee County Sheriffs department exceeds the requirements. The deputies must re-qualify with their firearms every year and the minimum score is eighty percent. They must have forty hours of training which is more then what CALEA requires. The department also leaves the option to sign up for more class if the deputies would like. The department goes beyond its requirements for the protection of the agency. If something was to happen on behalf of one their employees not following protocol then the agency would be able to show that they provided training to that individual to make the right choices. I feel that the training and certifications are used by the department to be able to distance itself from law suits and unnecessary court involvement. Cold cases in the Cherokee County Sheriffs department are reviewed annually. Cold cases come about when there is not enough information to bring the case to a closing. These are crimes or an accident that has not yet been solved fully and is not the subject of a recent criminal investigation. Only the serious crimes fall under cold cases if they are not solved. However some serious crimes have statues of limitations, such as rape. Rape is only a cold case for seven years. Homicide and murder do not have any statues of limitations they can be reopen at any time. However, if there is not a perpetrator then there is not case and no case means another cold case. The only way the case can be reopen is with new information or with new witness testimony. In order for the deputy to get a warrant they only need probable cause however the district attorney needs beyond a reasonable doubt to win the case. So if the sheriff never gets the warrant because there is not enough evidence then the district attorney never gets the file and the case becomes cold. The investigators re-examined archives and retained material evidence, as well as fresh activities of the suspect to reopen the case. Conduct of crime investigation and detection work has undergone significant and deep reform in recent year. In large part this is attributable to significant advances that have been made across the forensic sciences, especially in respect to the rapidly accelerating capacity to locate, collect, and analyze genetic materials this is why the sheriffs department is now able to reopen and solve more cases than in previous years (Innes and Clarke, 2009). In order to reope n a case there must be new information. Cherokee county has a variety of cultures with the county line. The deputies come in contact with language barriers and culture differences. You have the huge Hispanic community and then you have the white and black communities. The training which the deputies receive is more of an ethical training. Standards for ethical training are set by The Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies. Then the department adds onto the standards set by CALEA. They do not receive any training on how to speak to the Hispanic community, however there are Spanish speaking individuals who work for the department. The department also now makes sure that every shift has an individual who is fluent in Spanish working with them. Some of the deputies I spoke with even said that they experienced a culture shock. That they were not prepared for the culture and community they now had to provide service to. The department does not offer any form of skill training to prepare their deputies for the d iversity within the county. Heather Wyatt-Nichol and George Franks (2009) found in their article that Many professionals and organizations in the law enforcement community hold that ethics training bridges the gap between written policies and actual behavior by introducing or reinforcing rules and expectations of behavior. Ethics instruction exposes officers to ethical dilemmas and scenarios through training prior to hitting the streets or moving up in rank. The ethical training is what keeps Cherokee County deputies grounded and professional. How the culture differences in the county also play a major role in the composition of the adult detention center inmates as well. Jennifer McMahon-Howard The adult detention center system in Cherokee is very small compared to other adult detention center systems. With over 544 inmates, there are eight housing pods in the adult detention center and fourteen inmates on each floor. There are both females and males in the adult detention center. The gender composition of the adult detention center is about 86.21% male and 13.79% female. Out of the males percentage the racial compositions is 66.10% white, 19.19% black, 14.50% Hispanic, and 0.21% other. The female composition is racially divided with 81.33% being white, 16.00% black, 2.67% Hispanic, and 0.00% other. The racial composition of the adult detention center is a reflection of the county. In the 2009 Census, Cherokee County population was composed of 81.1% white, 6.2% black, 9.4% Hispanic, and 3.3% other. If majority of the county is of the white race than the majority of the composition of the adult detention center will be of the white race. With composition of the adult detenti on center being so drastic officers have to be fully aware of their environment. Victims in Cherokee County are treated like victims regardless if they are legal or illegal. The department offers different services with help line numbers to the victims of crimes. One of the services they provide to victims of family violence is The Cherokee Family Violence Center (CFVC). The information for their services comes on a small business card, which deputies are able to hand out if there is a victim. The business card list contact information as well information on how to handle a case of family violence. CFVC is an emergency shelter which provides a 24 hour crisis hotline. They also have other valuable services such as therapy for children and they even serve as a legal advocacy. CFVC has even taking their service to the next step by making their services available to Hispanics. Cherokee County also has a program where they keep the victim inform of the whereabouts of the offenders, The Cherokee County Victim-Witness Assistance Program. The program is called Victim Information Notification Everyday (VINE). These program uses computer technology and the telephone system to provide offender custody information 24 hours a day. The system provides the custody status to the victim, including arrest, release, and transfer information. The victim is known only by a pin number. The deputies participate in different activities prepare them for these kind of events; the deputies never know what they are about walk into when called out to domestic dispute. The training which the department provides to its deputies is very necessary it prepares them for different situations, including victims which may be undocumented or illegal. There is not a police written on how to handle a victim, so many of the deputies rely on their discretion, training, and ethical values. When dealing with any victim along with the policies set forth by the department, the training received plays a role as well. On the departments website it states th at CALEA Accreditation facilitates an agencys pursuit of professional excellence, so the deputies are always presenting and representing the department in a manner which is very professional. Cherokee Sheriffs Department receives training in classes on ethics to get them prepared for the victims who may be here illegally or those of a different culture. In Kenneth Dowlera and Raymond Sparks (2008) article, on the relationship between law enforcement and victims, states that victims might have direct contact with police by reporting their victimization, although some victims choose not to report the crime. Thus the attitudes of some crime victims toward police might be influenced by the quality of their contact with police. The way that deputies and the department present themselves to victims of crime must be professional. This is the only way to build a relationship with the undocumented victims or those of a different culture. One of the deputies stated that sometimes it is difficult to get across to a victim that you are there to help them because they are scared. He went on to say that in many Mexican areas the police are corrupt so there is not a victim-police relationship. Jennifer Chacà ³n states that unauthorized peoples are more vulnerable to threats because they [perpetrators] know that efforts to seek legal recourse can results in protracted immigration detention, criminal prosecution, and, of course removal., the deputies of Cherokee County believe that any person, regardless of their citizenship, is a victim if a crime has being committed against them, before they are an illegal. So they use their discretion and to maintain a healthy relationship with the victims of crimes. Ella Ballard Discretion is defined by Terenceas Daintith as a legally constituted power of decision. It is a staple element in both administrative and contractual arrangements, but whereas its judicial control provides the core of administrative law, it is hardly even acknowledged as an issue in the standard authorities on contract (2005). Discretion can be found in an officers decision to use a legal sanction. That is, an officer exercises discretion in whether to stop a traffic offender, to give a ticket, or to make an arrest. Some police officers operate in an environment where they are frequently alone in their contacts with citizens causing them to move expeditiously to diffuse situations. Each officer is different and may have pet peeves about certain violations whether in the community or while in confinement, community perceptions are important because the department wants the majority of the community to be supportive. However, officers that work more from emotions rather than factual re presentation tend to abuse the use of discretion. In communities where the officers knew the people in community the violations may be dealt with differently because they are familiar those individuals. The perception of the offense to the officer is what influences the treatment of the party involved. The use of discretion can be closely related to how the officers worked with one another, being that they spend a significant amount of time on cases together causes them to seek peer advice. An officer influence on discretions can derive from many elements. When the nature of the crime has a child involve the deputy may tend to be more aggressive toward the alleged criminal, especially if they have a child of their own. Another major element is the department policy. If the department makes it a policy that everyone who is stopped in a traffic stop gets a ticket then that is what the officer must follow. In Cherokee County, the sheriff has made it where no one gets a ticket driving over 10 mile per hour. Scott Phillips (2008) makes a point in his article about the use of discretions when he states, Officers use discretion in traffic-stop decisions, but many state legislatures now require departments to gather traffic-stop data to study and potentially deter racial profiling. Many agencies make it very difficult for deputies to use their own discretion, especially since profiling can become an issue. The organizational structure of the Cherokee County Sheriffs Office is decentralized. Before the decentralized structure the department was centralized. The structure of the agency is very important because it dictates who report to whom and it also determines the response time. In the decentralized structure everything goes through a chain of individual before it comes to the desk of Sheriff Garrison. The captain runs just the shift in the decentralized structure. This includes all precincts. Each shift has one captain, so it is more work for the captain in the decentralized structure. In the centralized structure the captain ran just the precinct. Every deputy in that precinct would report to that captain. With the centralized structure everyone was on one page and was able to know what was going on in the precinct at the beginning of each shift because they were being ran by one person. With the decentralized structure each shift is ran differently and the adjustment from one shif t to another is difficult. Each organizational structure works, however majority of the individual I spoke with thought that the centralized structure worked better for the agency. At the top of the organizational chart is Sheriff Garrison and at the bottom of the chart is the detention centers Chaplin. Before you get to the sheriff, there is Chief Vic West and the special operations unit. Beside the special operations units are also the individual over the accreditation and certification. Special operations, which is ran by Captain Satterfield, and Headquarters Operation, ran by Captain Martin, works together and very closely with each other. Underneath training and accreditation are adult detention center operations, uniform patrol operations, investigative operations, and emergency management. The agencys organizational structure has many departments to maintain. I was assigned to the training department, but I got to speed majority of my time with the patrol unit. From the patrol unit, I spent some time within the detention center and then the courts. The time spent in the detention center was the worse for me, however there I got to visit the other departments of the agency. Within the agency you have the S.W.A.T unit, V.I.P.E.R, CID, K-9, the GCIC, patrol, and intelligence; only to name a few. V.I.P.E.R, which is acronym for Violent Incident Pro-active Enforcement Response, targets high crime areas in Cherokee. They are in conjunction with SWAT, CMANS (narcotics unit), and the gang unit. Their main purpose is to reduce criminal activities and certain areas. They also assist other units in the agency. CID is the agency investigation division. They investigate all crimes after the report has being made by the deputies. S.W.A.T is the departments most prestige unit. The un it trains on a daily bases and also participate in different mock rescue drills. The agencys website states that, all team members are required to pass a rigorous physical fitness test and demonstrate elevated shooting skills with a variety of specialized weapons. There are currently ten members, however there is only one lady apart S.W.A.T. Cherokee County Sheriffs Office has so many different units, but it training unit is what prepare the deputies for those situations where their life depend on it. Before the start of my internship with this agency, I spoke with a gentleman by the name of Captain Joe Satterfield. He explained to me all the interns duties and responsibilities and gave me the forms in which I needed to fill out. Captain Satterfield appeared to b very straight forward, and from the tone in his voice it appeared he really enjoyed what he does. I later learned that the emotions I experienced during my time with Captain Satterfield were feelings I would feel with everyone in the department I came in contact with. Captain Satterfield began his career in law enforcement 19 years ago when he was the age of 22 years old. He chose this career because he felt like it was an exciting way of living and that seemed like something fun to do. Before he started his career he attended Abraham Baldwin College. There he received his associates degree in criminal justice and a technical degree in law enforcement. Once Captain Satterfield got a job with Cherokee he received a scholarship to further his education. The scholarship came through the department from Reinhardt College. Satterfield received his bachelors degree in history and he also graduated magna cum laude. After graduating he enrolled into Columbus States graduate program, where he received his masters degree in public administration. Satterfield has had a great impact on the Cherokee Sheriffs Department. His career path started with him being in the adult detention center for about a year, every deputy starts in the adult detention center. From the adult detention center he moved very quickly to the uniform patrol unit, where he stayed for about eight and half years. Mr. Satterfield was promoted to sergeant then to lieutenant with that division. He was then to the training division where he remained for eight years. Currently Captain Satterfield is the commander over all of the following units; S.W.A.T., K-9, negotiation and biking. However, out all the position Satterfield has being over, he felt like training was the position which made the greatest impact to the department. He stated that the decision he made about training not only made an impact on the deputies but also the mannerism they would approach different situations. Training goes a long way especially when it is done the right way. Captain Satterfield is happy where within his career. He states that he would not change anything or do anything differently. He went on to explain the key to keeping family life separate from work life. Satterfield explained to always be focus on what you are doing and be able to commit to that situation. He explains that everyone will come to that point in their career where it is a challenge to maintain the family and work, but you must stay focused. The person has to approach the situation in the right manner. When you are talking to your child you are a parent; you are not the drill instructor from training anymore. Satterfield does not have any plans on running for the Sheriff of Cherokee County. As I conversed with Captain Satterfield I acquired that he feels like he has a greater interest in law enforcement and being Sheriff will not give him that hands on experience he likes. During our conversation I asked him if he could briefly describe himself in five powerful words in w hich he chose the following words; leader, disciplinary, manager, professional, and inspirational. If I had to describe my internship to another student while trying to sell them the experience which I have had, I would begin with get plenty of rest. There is land and more land, with plenty of cows and farms. I would go on to explain that the individual are very in tune with their career and down to earth. The individual of Cherokee are kind and love talking. There are a few deputies who must break the ice with before you began to ask questions. I would then inform them of the many houses which they would see form the ride-along. Be prepare to eat too because the deputies love to eat. Ask plenty of questions as well. There is so much to be learned at this internship, but you have to ask first. The internship is very similar to a job with the sheriffs department. The internship starts in the am and ends in the pm. It is a 12 hour shift but if there is nothing really to do then you can always work on school work. An internship with a sheriffs department will allow you to experience everything within the county. The internship is not like one with the Drug Enforcement Agency or Marietta Police Department; however, it is one that you will always remember. Interning with the Cherokee County Sheriffs Office was one of the greatest experiences of my life. The officers I worked with gave me the opportunity to participate in all of the excitement that the sheriffs office has to offer; they were more than willing to teach, explain, and support me throughout the entirety of my internship. This experience has helped strengthened my career preparation for this field of work within law enforcement. Doing an internship really helps you gain a unique perspective into the world of law enforcement. I now look at some of the problems many young individual have with law enforcement and I am able to evaluate the problem to come to an answer. I have learned a lot of skills that will help me gain a career with a local law enforcement agency; minor the physical agility test. Some of the skills that I have learned this year include the dispatch codes, filling out paper work, and different policies and procedures. Along with these skills I also was able to gain an appreciation for the work that the law enforcement does. I feel as though I have learned more about the criminal justice system and the way it functions. From interning the schedule which the deputies work, 12 hour shifts, I was able to see and sometimes feel the strain of the job. I also helped fill out citations and enter the report in on file. Everything must have a paper trail when it comes to law enforcement. If it is not written down then it does not exist. I notice from looking at how evidence is handled that, even though it is a lot of paperwork, the paper helps protect the deputy and the department. Every hand that touches the evidence must sign it, therefore to where the evidence has been and how it got there. I also learned valuable lessons just from talking to different people through this internship; wisdom goes a long way. They held nothing back and I felt as though they were straight forward when answering any of my questions. Deputy McElroy gave me the chance to experience everything from riding with the officers to sitting with them in the court rooms. I now also have a better understanding of what the sheriff department means to a county and it citizens. While I have learned a lot in my four years of Criminal Justice classes between Augusta State and Kennesaw State, I do not believe anything can really compare to what I learned during my time as an intern with the sheriffs office. College course can provide us with the different facts and figures on the crime rate and the victimization rate. A teacher can give the class a hypothetical situation to be analyzed and create a solution. All of these different in class situations are usually observed and felt by others. To actually participate in these real life situations has a learning value above and beyond any typical classroom made of strictly course work. I would strongly recommend the Cherokee County Sheriff Office internship to the next student. Participating in an internship gave me an idea of what to expect to a certain degree in the area of law enforcement, along with a vast number of general skills. I have gained an appreciation for the knowledge obtained through communication with the deputies. I was able to network and establish professional relationships, which will assist me in whichever path of law enforcement I choose to pursue. I  feel privileged for being able to fulfill the opportunity I received to work with the men and women at the Cherokee County Sheriffs Office. My internship experiences have been worthwhile and very instrumental to my future plans as an individual in law enforcement. I will continuously build onto the amount of knowledge that I have obtained from this internship. The field of law enforcement can be difficult as one of the deputies stated, but I was afforded a good start with the Cherokee County Sheriffs Office.

Alice Walkers depiction of men in The Color Purple Essay

Alice Walkers depiction of men in The Color Purple has been controversial. Explore the opinions of the two critics printed below and explain your own view of the way Walker presents men in The Colour Purple. In The Color Purple, Alice Walker’s depiction of men has been seen by some as controversial. Walker seems to be attacking black men because of their mistreatment of black women. Although, there is another force at work in this powerful, and emotional, book. That force is the unwitting testimony which Walker cannot control, because it was not deliberately written to be part of her story. Between the lines of her story is the strong message of personal rage: rage which cannot be hidden. The rage can be seen throughout the novel in numerous forms; the words used by Walker, that are strong and emotive; the portrayal of the characters, from innocent, like Celie, to evil, like Mr. Alphonso and the realism in which the characters are brought to life, because of the real anger used to describe them. Therefore, in considering the opinions of the two opposing critics, this circumstance must be borne in mind. The first critic, Tony Brown, wrote an article about The Color Purple for the Carolina Peacemaker. He has many views on the book, and expresses those views confidently. Brown admits in his article that some men have raped their daughters, â€Å"†¦ some black men have raped their daughters,† However, immediately afterwards, he is stating his defence of black men. He defends himself instantly, saying that the majority of black men have not. He then speaks of the problem that black men have when it comes to loving, saying the love has â€Å"†¦ been drained out by the brutality of a society panic-stricken over black masculinity. † Brown then goes on to tackle the issue of lesbian affairs in the book, and that they give women â€Å"†¦ emotional and sexual salvation†¦ † He defends his position saying that this is not the case in the real world, even though many frustrated black women seem to want to believe. Brown then admits that some black men are like Walker’s characters, he says they are but, â€Å"†¦ sad examples†¦ † He also says the book focuses only on the failings of black men, and that black men are being abused by a white mans movie. He is blaming everyone else. Famous black men are mentioned by Brown in his argument, and the fact that they were non-incestuous and non-brutalizing and had healthy relationships with women. He states that, â€Å"Their women never needed a ‘Shug’. † Brown fails to support his argument about famous black males though, he merely mentions their names briefly. Brown blames the publishers in the final part of the extract. He says that white men and women only publish books by black women, or homosexual black men, and then label them as being the ‘black experience’. Brown is constantly blaming others throughout his extract, he never accepts responsibility for the actions of black men; he merely shirks the blame to other people. The second critic writes as a response to Brown’s article, their name is not given. Their argument defends The Color Purple, and retorts to Brown’s scathing attack of Walker’s depiction of men in the book. The critic opens their response with the line that states the book is, â€Å"†¦ strictly fiction†¦ † They stress though, that Walker has written about real suffering, and the ideas were not conjured up by the imagination of Walker. The critic then speaks of the books content, and speaks of Walker’s characterisation. The critic gives Celie as an example of a woman who grew from her own strength, â€Å"†¦ a self-assured, strong woman†¦ † even if it was at the ‘expense’ of a few male egos. After stating the facts in the book and showing the main character development, the critic then launches a scathing attack upon black men, saying that, â€Å"†¦ the shoe is such a good fit that it becomes downright uncomfortable†¦ † Meaning that, the black men are offended, because the book is too truthful for their liking. The critic then emphasises that Walker’s message is that of oppression, and that it is, â€Å"†¦ ugly no matter what colour it is. † They state that oppression is wrong, and that the message given by the book mustn’t be forgotten, or else the ugliness will live on, and continue to breed. In the closing lines of the critic’s argument, the critic states that the book is a story about black women; not a book that is against black men. Brown is then contradicted by the anonymous critic, as they write that Walker’s is a feminist book, and that it is not specifically against black men, even though black men are on the defensive because of it, â€Å"†¦ black men protesting and licking their wounded egos. † Both critics focused on actual events in the book; relationships in the book; the powerful difference between men and women; the differences between sex and the raw influence in sexual matters. In spite of this, both critics overlooked the power in the book, that being of Alice Walker’s real message which encompasses so much of bitterness and grief experienced by black people in the USA. In my opinion, the men in The Color Purple presented during anger, Walker’s anger when writing. Therefore, the presentation of men is biased. Personally speaking, I think the depiction of men in the novel is true; that is, all aspects of the male personality are represented by Walker’s characters, from kindness in Reverend Mr (Samuel) to brutal cruelty, seen in Albert. The way in which Walker writes, with such conviction and passion about her characters makes the depiction true, it cannot be fained. The slightly biased view on the male characters in the novel is so because Walker only shows two good black, male characters; Samuel and Harpo. Harpo cares deeply for his family, and loves them sincerely, but his sensitivity causes him to be dominated over by his wife. Samuel does so much to help Nettie; he takes her in after Albert’s assault on her. He educates her, shows her new and exciting places abroad. The marriage between Samuel and Corrine also knows no cruelty, no violence or sexual abuse. This example is compared to several other male characters that are portrayed as raging, unprincipled creatures. An example of a raging, unprincipled creature, as shown by Walker, would be Mr. Alphonso, he rapes his own step-daughter, on more than one occasion, and then when Celie gave birth to two children, he gave them away. This was not the act of a decent human being.

The Action of Tiger Conservation

The Action of Tiger Conservation As the population of tiger in the world dwindles nowadays, everyone has the responsibility for the conservation of tiger especially tiger range countries. Over the past 100 years, tiger numbers have declined by 95 percent which leave only 3,200 and three sub-species have become extinct – with a fourth not seen in the wild for over 25 years (World Wild Fund for Nature [WWF] International, 2008). Since it is estimated that wild tiger number halved to 3,200, we can stop this decline if we act together now.In the countries where tiger population is facing extinction, government, conservation groups, and corporation have stepped many efforts to recover the threat of extinction. Government plays a vital role in taking steps to conserve population of tiger because without them a tiger conservation policy cannot be implemented. All of the governments throughout the species' ratige demonstrate greater resolve and lasting commitments to conserve tigers a nd their habitats, as well as to stop all trade in tiger products from wild and captive-bred sources (Dinerstein et al. , 2007).In Malaysia, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia which under Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Government of Malaysia has introduced the National Tiger Action Plan for Malaysia in the year 2008. The aim of the Plan is to double the population of Malayan tigers from 500 to about 1,000 in the nation’s Central Forest Spine by 2020. This Plan identifies four objectives towards achieving following goal: 1. Secure the Central Forest Spine with strictly protected priority areas in landscapes connected with corridors. 2. Provide effective and long-term protection of tigers and their prey. . Promote and practice ecologically sound land-use, compatible with tiger conservation outside the priority areas. 4. Apply science in monitoring the efficacy of conservation actions and improving the knowledge of tiger ecology. (De partment of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia [DWNP], 2008). Furthermore, the vigilance of the Anti-Smuggling Unit officers and the Department of Wildlife and National Parks’ Wildlife Crime Unit prevented the smugglers from slipping their illicit haul through the Malaysia-Thailand border and into the illegal trade in tigers and their parts.Besides that, the law is being amended and other more stringent regulations are being finalized which allow for higher fines and longer jail sentences for poaching tigers. This is because as it stands, taking a tiger or any part of a tiger is an offense under the Protection of Wild Life Act 1972 which allows for a maximum fine of RM15,000 (USD4,000), a jail term of up to five years, or both. This is paltry compared to the fortune awaiting the smuggler when his illegal haul is finally sold (John ; Shepherd, 2009).According to the World Wild Fund for Nature (2008), India is home to the world’s largest population of tigers in the wild which is nearly to half of the world’s tigers or 1,400 of the 3,500 tigers. A major concerted conservation effort by the government known as Project Tiger. Project Tiger is a wildlife conservation movement initially spearheaded in India in 1972 by Indira Gandhi, the prime minister of the Republic of India from 1966 to 1977 to protect the Bengal Tigers.The project aims at tiger conservation in specially constituted tiger reserves representative of various biogeographical regions throughout India. Under the flagship Project Tiger program, the central government allocated a budget of USD17. 75 million to Indian tiger reserves during ninth five-year plan from 1997 to 2002 (Dinerstein et al. , 2007). The fundamental accomplishment has been the establishment of over 25 well-monitored tiger reserves in reclaimed land where human development is categorically forbidden.The program has been credited with tripling the number of wild Bengal tigers from roughly 1,200 in 1973 to over 3,500 in the 1990s. However, after that tiger conservation in India used to focus on an exhaustive, census-based attempt which known as tiger census to determine exact tiger numbers. A report was stated that the wild tiger population in India declined by 60% to approximately 1,411 by using tiger-census technique. It is noted in the report that the decrease of tiger population can be attributed directly to poaching.Now it has shifted to population sampling based on the mapping software known as Geographic Information Systems (GIS). In place of the tiger census, India’s Ministry of the Environment and Forests has launched a GIS-based program that monitors habitat. The new system uses a sample-based approach to estimate tiger populations and to evaluate whether tiger habitat is increasing, decreasing, or stable (Bobechko ; Stockton, 2004). Following the release of the report, the Indian government also pledged $153 million to further fund the Project Tiger initiative, se t-up a Tiger Protection Force to combat oachers, and fund the relocation of up to 200,000 villagers to minimise human-tiger interaction. Additionally, eight new tiger reserves in India are being set up. Indian officials successfully started a project to reintroduce the tigers into the Sariska Tiger Reserve. The Ranthambore National Park is often cited as a major success by Indian officials against poaching. On the other hand, India was seeking the support of World Bank and multilateral leader in highlighting efforts to keep alive India’s national emblem, the near-extinct wild tiger (Lamont, 2010).In Thailand, government of Thailand hosts world’s first inter-ministerial meeting on wild tiger conservation. The 1st Asian Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation will be held at the resort of Hua Hin, Thailand from January 27-30, hosted by the Royal Government of Thailand and co-organized by the World Bank, Save the Tiger Fund and other partners of the Global Tiger Init iative. All 13 tiger range countries were represented in Hua Hin. They include Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand, and Vietnam.It marks the first time that ministers from tiger range countries will come together to find ways to work together on tiger conservation. At the 1st Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation, governments from the 13 tiger range countries (TRCs) showed unprecedented unanimity around the ambitious goal of total protection of critical tiger habitats and doubling the global number of wild tigers by 2022, the next Year of the Tiger. Thailand, the conference host, announced new commitments to improve and expand wildlife patrolling efforts.It was the first ever meeting of high-level representatives of the TRCs to discuss wild tiger conservation and signaled powerful convergence of political will, solidarity, and recognition of the urgency of the crisis facing the iconic symbol of Asiaâ €™s biodiversity. The meeting in Thailand was the latest concerted effort by governments and wildlife conservation experts set in motion by the Global Tiger Initiative (GTI) to date to consider local, national, and regional plans to address tiger conservation issues.Experts and practitioners of conservation in the TRCs continued discussions on best practices and adoption of policies embracing locally-targeted ‘tiger-friendly’ strategies in areas such as smart green infrastructure and landscape and park management, building on work from a conference on wildlife enforcement in Pattaya, Thailand last year, and the Kathmandu Global Tiger Workshop held in Nepal in October 2009 (Global Tiger Initiative, 2010). Thailand, the host government used the Hua Hin Ministerial meeting as a platform to announce new commitments, including expanding its Smart wildlife patrolling program in the Western Forest Complex.Thailand's Western Forest Complex – a 6,900 square mile (18,0 00 square kilometers) network of parks and wildlife reserves can potentially support some 2,000 tigers, making it one of the world's strongholds for these emblematic big cats, according to a new study by Thailand's Department of National Park, Wildlife, and Plant Conservation and the New York-based Wildlife Conservation Society. The Western Forest Complex currently supports an estimated 720 tigers. These tiger densities were lower than those reported by Wildlife Conservation Society scientists from some protected areas in India with similar habitat, but better enforcement.For example, tiger densities of as many as 12 tigers per 100 square kilometers were measured in India's Nagarahole, Bandipur and Kanha forests, as opposed to four tigers per 100 square kilometers in Thailand's Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary. The Hua Hin Declaration was unanimously adopted by delegates at the ministerial meeting, reflecting minister-level agreement among the TRCs to redouble efforts on the groun d to halt the decline of tigers and assist in recovery of habitats (Wildlife Conservation Society, 2008).Where national governments supported in part by conservation groups, make a consistent and substantial commitments to tiger conservation, tiger do recover. Thus, conservation groups such as Malaysian Conservation Alliance of Tigers (MYCAT), World Wild Fund for Nature (WWF), and play a big part in taking steps to conserve population of tiger. Malaysian Conservation Alliance of Tigers is a joint programme of four non-governmental organization – the Malaysian Nature Society, WWF-Malaysia, TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, and Wildlife Conservation Society Malaysia Programme.MYCAT is established in 2003 because challenges to tiger conservation are multi-faceted and reaching solutions requires an integrated conservation approach. MYCAT was created to take a holistic approach to conservation by consolidating the resources and strength of the partners to produce a cohesive plan to save the tiger. MYCAT works in partnership with the Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia for integrated tiger conservation programme in Malaysia. MYCAT is the collaborative latform for the implementation of National Tiger Action Plan. MYCAT’s role is to increase communication and opportunities for collaboration among the partners whose tiger conservation priorities include habitat protection, human conflict resolution, law enforcement, monitoring of illegal trade, research, education, and public awareness. For example, MYCAT organized Race Against Time: Tiger Day at Zoo Negara, Kuala Lumpur on December 16, 2007. This nationwide awareness campaign is to reduce the incidence of people consuming tigers and tigers’ prey in all forms.Many people getting their hands dirty making plaster casts of tiger footprints, learning about the cruelty of snares, playing wildlife games and much more. Thousands took their first step in saving wild tigers by signing the pe tition for improved legislation. Furthermore, MYCAT had set up the 24-hour Tiger Crime Hotline at 019 356 4194 to encourage public reporting of possible crimes against and their prey. The need for a 24-hour hotline is clear: poachers and smugglers don’t just work between 9-5.The 24-hour Tiger Crime Hotline allows everyone to easily report suspected wildlife crimes or send report to [email  protected] net (Malaysian Nature Society, 2006). The World Wild Fund for Nature (WWF) is one of the largest international conservation groups. In this year, 2010, WWF has placed tigers at the top of their conservation priorities, fearing that the Chinese Year of the Tiger might hasten their extinction by spurring demand for the animal's body parts (Lamont ; WWF Global, 2010).Attaching top priority to remaining wild tiger populations around the world, WWF will witness the organization redoubling its efforts to preserve habitat and to give remaining species of wild tigers an earnest boost i n their struggle to remain viable. WWF has launched the â€Å"Tx2: Double or Nothing† tiger conservation campaign. WWF's Tx2 campaign aims to  put in place the necessary conditions to  double the wild tiger population by the next Year of the Tiger in 2022.The Tx2 campaign is all about setting the right conditions to enable our tiger population to double naturally in the wild. Monitoring of tiger populations, increasing patrol teams to reduce poaching threats and protecting tiger habitats are some of the ways to achieve this. Throughout 2010, WWF is focusing efforts on  securing emergency funds to halt poaching in the most critical tiger landscapes, securing political will and action to double wild tiger numbers, and protecting tiger habitat at an unprecedented scale, including clamping down hard on the illegal tiger trade.In addition, WWF outlined the current top 10 trouble spots for tigers in a first time interactive map that provides a unique overview of threats faced by wild tigers (WWF Global, 2010). Other than that, WWF-India strengthens patrolling capacity of Panna Tiger Reserve with vehicles. With the aim of strengthening tiger protection, WWF-India has supported Madhya Pradesh’s Panna Tiger Reserve with a four-wheeler and four motorcycles. The formal handover ceremony happened on Jan 26, 2010, the 60th anniversary of India becoming a republic.The vehicles are expected to strengthen the monitoring capacity of the staff of the tiger reserve and thereby deter poachers. They will help observe the tigers which were recently translocated here. In addition, they will be used to oversee the process of repopulation of Panna through future translocations (WWF-India, 2010). TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network, is an international conservation group dedicated to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals are not threat to the conservation of nature.TRAFFIC is a joint programme of World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the World Conse rvation Union (IUCN). TRAFFIC also works in close co-operation with the Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). TRAFFIC has done many works to conserve tigers. TRAFFIC monitors wildlife markets in Asia and elsewhere by identifying any tiger parts being traded (there are many fake â€Å"tiger parts† in circulation) and informing the appropriate authorities of required action to curb such trade.TRAFFIC also works with enforcement authorities and governments to take action to protect Tigers. For example, TRAFFIC India recently provided metal detectors and training to help park guards detect the use of illegal metal snares in Tiger reserves. TRAFFIC is also developing a database to monitor all seizures and trade in tiger parts. It is being modeled on ETIS, a database that has proved successful for monitoring illegal ivory trade and ensuring effective action is taken to curtail it.TRAFFIC also helps to raise aware ness about the conservation plight of wild Tigers. Besides that, TRAFFIC are also committed to assisting the Global Tiger Forum (GTF) and tiger range states with any technical assistance necessary to help the GTF fulfill its full potential as a significant global force for tiger conservation (TRAFFIC, 2008). On the other hand, the continuous decline in wild tiger populations worldwide which adversely impact both the biodiversity system and national heritage have also led to corporation heightening tiger conservation efforts globally.Thus, corporation also can play a role in taking steps to conserve the population of tiger. In Malaysia, the country's leading financial services group, Maybank which bears the face of the Malayan tiger as its iconic emblem, is taking action by entering into a two-year partnership with the Malaysian Conservation Alliance for Tigers (MYCAT) in an effort to bring the plight of the Malayan tiger to the forefront. Maybank will be contributing RM1 million tow ards a dedicated outreach and research programme being spearheaded by MYCAT.While Maybank has been involved in supporting tigers in Malaysia's zoos, the rapidly declining tiger populations worldwide and appalling rate of poaching of tigers in our country have led us to take firmer action this time around towards the conservation of wild tigers as part of our golden jubilee corporate responsibility activities. As a result, Maybank decided to provide funds that will be used mainly by scientists to conduct research that aims to gather data that will help us conserve the fast-declining Malayan tiger from extinction.The Maybank & MYCAT alliance will also focus on raising public awareness among our rural and urban communities, and providing enforcement support to the authorities by assisting in collecting accurate, real-time information on wildlife crimes (Low, 2010). As a corporation, Maybank view this as an ideal opportunity to encourage our employees and the communities we operate in t o learn more about the importance of biodiversity balance and the role conservation efforts can play in protecting our Malayan tiger, a national heritage.This partnership also serves to remind people that nature is not just a commodity to be extracted or taken for granted, and if we are to progress, it must be with sustainability in mind. The project funded by Maybank will go towards supporting MYCAT in implementing the National Tiger Action Plan 2008-2020 – specifically research that aims to enhance the sustainability of the population of tigers and their preys by securing a safe dispersal tiger corridor at Sungai Yu, the last forest linkage between the Main Range and Taman Negara in Pahang along the Gua Musang-Kuala Lipis trunk road.Agricultural expansion along the road has created a forest bottleneck and there is only about a 10km stretch of forest left connecting these environmentally sensitive areas. The research will determine the response of wildlife to the past develo pment and current landuse patterns and establish benchmark data for future management. It will also estimate the tiger density in western Taman Negara and compare it to that of ten years go. Maybank's support will allow the public and policy makers to be informed of practical solutions based on careful research.Maybank employees will also have the opportunity to participate in the outreach programme as volunteers. Among the year-long activities planned with MYCAT are roadshows mainly at night markets and conservation education programmes in schools to create awareness among key communities in the country (Maybank, 2010). Nokia India, the leading mobile communications company in partnership with WWF-India, one of the largest conservation organizations in the country to save the tiger.Globally, Nokia’s environmental strategy is to drive the use of safe substances and materials in products, improve the energy efficiency of products and create effective take-back and recycling pr ograms. Energy efficiency and climate strategy are other important areas of continuous performance improvement by Nokia. Nokia has been involved in several conservation initiatives with the WWF Global Network. Nokia is extending this global vision to focus on local environment through its partnership with WWF by extend the relationship with WWF-India through Nokia in India.This is an important step in bringing corporate institutional support for conservation, significantly tiger conservation in India. This is also an important beginning at this critical time for conservation in our India. In July 27, 2008, Nokia India unveiled the ‘Tiger Wall of Hope’ in New Delhi as part of their support initiative for the Tiger Conservation programme of WWF India. The ‘Tiger Wall of Hope’ that has been created out of original pugmarks embedded in Plaster of Paris encased in acrylic are a grim reminder of the critical numbers of tigers left in the wild.As part of the assoc iation, Nokia and WWF-India will work towards providing education to the villagers for sustainable development, increasing awareness on tiger conservation, and identifying alternative livelihood programmes for the villagers around National Parks, specifically the Ranthambore National Park. Furthermore, Nokia will work with WWF in the following areas around Ranthambore to strengthen the existing community institutions and development of further institutions of the community to facilitate community empowerment, to provide education for sustainable development and ommunication outreach to the school teachers and students, villagers-including men and women, civil society communities around the Park and the forest personnel, and to strengthen sustainable and alternative livelihood programmes, to link them with existing schemes of other line departments of the Government of Rajasthan. In addition, Nokia has a robust community involvement program in Sriperumbudur, Chennai around its manufa cturing facility that has contributed immensely in improving the socio-economic fabric of the region and its employees.It is a matter of great privilege for Nokia India to be associated with WWF for the cause of tiger conservation that needs immediate intervention. This endeavor for tiger conservation is an extension of our commitment towards creating a positive impact on the society beyond Nokia’s technology, products, and services. (WWF-India, 2008) While the tiger as a wild species will most likely not go extinct within the next half century, its current trajectory is catastrophic.If this trend continues, the current range will shrink even further, and wild populations will disappear from many more places, or dwindle to the point of ecological extinction, in which their numbers are too few to play their role as top predator in the ecosystem. Leaving room for wide-ranging mammals such as tigers is vital and must become part of an effort to incorporate wildlife conservation into national and regional development agendas. Over the decades, we have realized that this problem is transnational and that science, economics, culture, public policy, and international dialogue all bear on preserving the tiger and its habitat.Conserving tigers, tiger habitat, and the natural capital they encompass must be part of the calculus that will continue to fuel Asia's growing prosperity (Dinerstein et al. , 2007). According to George Schaller, â€Å"Future generations would be truly saddened that this century had so little foresight, so little compassion, such lack of generosity of spirit for the future that it would eliminate one of the most beautiful and dramatic animals that the world has ever seen. † (DWNP, 2008)